8 files changed, 791 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/mingling_ci/src/task/cmd_build_check.rs b/mingling_ci/src/task/cmd_build_check.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f67fe2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mingling_ci/src/task/cmd_build_check.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+use std::ffi::OsString;
+use std::path::Path;
+
+use mingling::{
+    Grouped, Routable,
+    macros::{buffer, command, renderer},
+    res::ResExitCode,
+};
+
+use crate::Next;
+use crate::res::Manifests;
+use crate::task::run::{location, run_parallel_checks};
+
+#[command(node = "build-check")]
+pub async fn build_check(manifests: &Manifests) -> Next {
+    let tasks = manifests
+        .package_dirs
+        .iter()
+        .map(|(name, path)| (name.clone(), location(path), build_args(path)))
+        .collect();
+    let fail_count = run_parallel_checks("Build-Check", "Building", tasks).await;
+    ResultBuildCheck { fail_count }.to_chain()
+}
+
+/// `cargo build --manifest-path <path>`
+fn build_args(path: &Path) -> Vec<OsString> {
+    vec![
+        "cargo".into(),
+        "build".into(),
+        "--manifest-path".into(),
+        path.as_os_str().to_os_string(),
+    ]
+}
+
+/// Number of packages that failed to build.
+#[derive(Grouped)]
+pub struct ResultBuildCheck {
+    pub fail_count: usize,
+}
+
+/// Silently sets a non-zero exit code when any build failed.
+#[renderer(buffer)]
+pub fn render_build_check(r: ResultBuildCheck, exit_code: &mut ResExitCode) {
+    if r.fail_count > 0 {
+        exit_code.exit_code = 1;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/mingling_ci/src/task/cmd_clippy_check.rs b/mingling_ci/src/task/cmd_clippy_check.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a0dd46e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mingling_ci/src/task/cmd_clippy_check.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+use std::ffi::OsString;
+use std::path::Path;
+
+use mingling::{
+    Grouped, Routable,
+    macros::{buffer, command, renderer},
+    res::ResExitCode,
+};
+
+use crate::Next;
+use crate::res::Manifests;
+use crate::task::run::{location, run_parallel_checks};
+
+#[command(node = "clippy-check")]
+pub async fn clippy_check(manifests: &Manifests) -> Next {
+    let tasks = manifests
+        .package_dirs
+        .iter()
+        .map(|(name, path)| (name.clone(), location(path), clippy_args(path)))
+        .collect();
+    let fail_count = run_parallel_checks("Clippy-Check", "Clippy", tasks).await;
+    ResultClippyCheck { fail_count }.to_chain()
+}
+
+/// `cargo clippy --manifest-path <path> -- -D warnings`
+fn clippy_args(path: &Path) -> Vec<OsString> {
+    vec![
+        "cargo".into(),
+        "clippy".into(),
+        "--manifest-path".into(),
+        path.as_os_str().to_os_string(),
+        "--".into(),
+        "-D".into(),
+        "warnings".into(),
+    ]
+}
+
+/// Number of packages that failed clippy.
+#[derive(Grouped)]
+pub struct ResultClippyCheck {
+    pub fail_count: usize,
+}
+
+/// Silently sets a non-zero exit code when any clippy check failed.
+#[renderer(buffer)]
+pub fn render_clippy_check(r: ResultClippyCheck, exit_code: &mut ResExitCode) {
+    if r.fail_count > 0 {
+        exit_code.exit_code = 1;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/mingling_ci/src/task/cmd_docs_check.rs b/mingling_ci/src/task/cmd_docs_check.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3a77d4d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mingling_ci/src/task/cmd_docs_check.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+use std::ffi::OsString;
+
+use mingling::{
+    Grouped, Routable,
+    macros::{buffer, command, renderer},
+    res::ResExitCode,
+};
+
+use crate::Next;
+use crate::res::ResFeatureList;
+use crate::task::run::run_parallel_checks;
+
+#[command(node = "docs-check")]
+pub async fn docs_check(features: &ResFeatureList) -> Next {
+    let args = vec![
+        OsString::from("cargo"),
+        OsString::from("rustdoc"),
+        OsString::from("--features"),
+        OsString::from(features.list.join(",")),
+        OsString::from("-p"),
+        OsString::from("mingling"),
+        OsString::from("--"),
+        OsString::from("-D"),
+        OsString::from("warnings"),
+    ];
+    let tasks = vec![("mingling".to_string(), "./mingling".to_string(), args)];
+    let fail_count = run_parallel_checks("Docs-Check", "Docs", tasks).await;
+
+    ResultDocsCheck { fail_count }.to_chain()
+}
+
+/// Number of failed doc builds (0 or 1).
+#[derive(Grouped)]
+pub struct ResultDocsCheck {
+    pub fail_count: usize,
+}
+
+/// Silently sets a non-zero exit code when the doc build failed.
+#[renderer(buffer)]
+pub fn render_docs_check(r: ResultDocsCheck, exit_code: &mut ResExitCode) {
+    if r.fail_count > 0 {
+        exit_code.exit_code = 1;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/mingling_ci/src/task/cmd_example_check.rs b/mingling_ci/src/task/cmd_example_check.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1b9f440
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mingling_ci/src/task/cmd_example_check.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+use colored::Colorize;
+use mingling::{
+    Grouped, Routable,
+    macros::{buffer, command, renderer},
+    res::ResExitCode,
+};
+
+use crate::Next;
+use crate::examples::{check_example, load_test_configs};
+use crate::progress::task_progress_bar;
+use crate::reporter::{self, ReportResult};
+
+#[command(node = "example-check")]
+pub async fn example_check() -> Next {
+    reporter::set_task("Example-Check");
+
+    let configs = load_test_configs();
+    let total = configs.len();
+    let pb = task_progress_bar(total, "Testing");
+    pb.set_message("examples");
+
+    // One blocking task per example: build + run its test cases.
+    let mut handles = Vec::new();
+    for example in configs {
+        handles.push(tokio::task::spawn_blocking(move || check_example(example)));
+    }
+
+    let mut fail_count = 0;
+    for handle in handles {
+        let Ok(outcome) = handle.await else {
+            continue;
+        };
+        pb.set_message(outcome.name.clone());
+        pb.inc(1);
+
+        if outcome.ok {
+            reporter::export(&outcome.name, &outcome.location, ReportResult::Ok);
+        } else {
+            fail_count += 1;
+            // Plain stderr: `pb.println` is swallowed on non-TTY (CI).
+            eprintln!("  {} {}", "failed".bright_red(), outcome.name);
+            eprintln!("  {}", outcome.output);
+            reporter::export(
+                &outcome.name,
+                &outcome.location,
+                ReportResult::Error(outcome.output),
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    pb.finish_and_clear();
+    reporter::flush();
+
+    ResultExampleCheck { fail_count }.to_chain()
+}
+
+/// Number of examples that failed to build or pass their tests.
+#[derive(Grouped)]
+pub struct ResultExampleCheck {
+    pub fail_count: usize,
+}
+
+/// Silently sets a non-zero exit code when any example failed.
+#[renderer(buffer)]
+pub fn render_example_check(r: ResultExampleCheck, exit_code: &mut ResExitCode) {
+    if r.fail_count > 0 {
+        exit_code.exit_code = 1;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/mingling_ci/src/task/cmd_markdown_check.rs b/mingling_ci/src/task/cmd_markdown_check.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2408636
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mingling_ci/src/task/cmd_markdown_check.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,192 @@
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+
+use just_fmt::snake_case;
+use mingling::{
+    Grouped, RenderResult, Routable,
+    macros::{buffer, command, renderer},
+    res::ResExitCode,
+};
+
+use crate::Next;
+use crate::markdown::project::parse_markdown;
+use crate::markdown::test::{MarkdownBlockOutcome, try_test_markdown_project};
+use crate::reporter::{self, ReportResult};
+use crate::res::{CargoError, MessagePrinter};
+
+const VERIFIED_DOCS: &str = ".config/verified-docs.toml";
+
+#[command(node = "markdown-check")]
+pub async fn markdown_check(args: Vec<String>) -> Next {
+    let Some(path_str) = args.first() else {
+        return ErrorMarkdownArgs("missing <path> argument".to_string()).to_chain();
+    };
+    let path =
+        std::env::current_dir().map_or_else(|_| PathBuf::from(path_str), |cwd| cwd.join(path_str));
+    if !path.is_file() {
+        return ErrorMarkdownArgs(format!("{} is not a file", path.display())).to_chain();
+    }
+    let Ok(content) = std::fs::read_to_string(&path) else {
+        return ErrorMarkdownArgs(format!("failed to read {}", path.display())).to_chain();
+    };
+
+    let location = path.to_string_lossy().into_owned();
+    let item = format!("doc-{}", snake_case!(&stem_of(&path)));
+    reporter::set_task("Markdown-Check");
+
+    let projects = parse_markdown(&content, &location);
+    let outcomes = try_test_markdown_project(projects).await;
+    let file_info = HashMap::from([(location.clone(), (item, location))]);
+    let fail_count = report_files(&outcomes, &file_info);
+    reporter::flush();
+
+    ResultMarkdownCheck { fail_count }.to_chain()
+}
+
+#[command(node = "markdown-check-all")]
+pub async fn markdown_check_all() -> Next {
+    let Some(files) = verified_md_files() else {
+        return ErrorMarkdownConfig.to_chain();
+    };
+    reporter::set_task("Markdown-Check-All");
+
+    // Collect all projects; remember each file's report identity
+    // (`{key}-{snake_case(file_stem)}` -> location).
+    let mut projects = Vec::new();
+    let mut file_info: HashMap<String, (String, String)> = HashMap::new();
+    for (label, path) in files {
+        let Ok(content) = std::fs::read_to_string(&path) else {
+            continue;
+        };
+        let file_name = path.file_name().unwrap().to_string_lossy();
+        let source_file = format!("{label}/{file_name}");
+        let item = format!("{label}-{}", snake_case!(&stem_of(&path)));
+        let location = path.to_string_lossy().into_owned();
+        file_info.insert(source_file.clone(), (item, location));
+        projects.extend(parse_markdown(&content, &source_file));
+    }
+
+    let outcomes = try_test_markdown_project(projects).await;
+    let fail_count = report_files(&outcomes, &file_info);
+    reporter::flush();
+
+    ResultMarkdownCheck { fail_count }.to_chain()
+}
+
+/// The file name without extension, e.g. `README.md` → `README`.
+pub(crate) fn stem_of(path: &Path) -> String {
+    path.file_stem()
+        .unwrap_or_default()
+        .to_string_lossy()
+        .into_owned()
+}
+
+/// Exports one report entry per source file: `ok` when every block passed,
+/// otherwise an error carrying the failed blocks' details.
+fn report_files(
+    outcomes: &[MarkdownBlockOutcome],
+    file_info: &HashMap<String, (String, String)>,
+) -> usize {
+    let mut by_file: HashMap<&str, (bool, Vec<String>)> = HashMap::new();
+    for outcome in outcomes {
+        let (ok, outputs) = by_file
+            .entry(outcome.source_file.as_str())
+            .or_insert((true, Vec::new()));
+        if !outcome.ok {
+            *ok = false;
+            outputs.push(format!(
+                "{}:{}:\n{}",
+                outcome.source_file, outcome.line, outcome.output
+            ));
+        }
+    }
+
+    let mut fail_count = 0;
+    for (source_file, (ok, outputs)) in by_file {
+        let Some((item, location)) = file_info.get(source_file) else {
+            continue;
+        };
+        if ok {
+            reporter::export(item, location, ReportResult::Ok);
+        } else {
+            fail_count += outputs.len();
+            reporter::export(item, location, ReportResult::Error(outputs.join("\n\n")));
+        }
+    }
+    fail_count
+}
+
+/// Reads `verified-docs.toml` and collects all `.md` files: single files,
+/// directories, or `**` globs (walked from the base directory).
+fn verified_md_files() -> Option<Vec<(String, PathBuf)>> {
+    let content = std::fs::read_to_string(VERIFIED_DOCS).ok()?;
+    let table: toml::Table = content.parse().ok()?;
+
+    let mut files: Vec<(String, PathBuf)> = Vec::new();
+    for (label, value) in table.get("verified")?.as_table()? {
+        let value_str = value.as_str()?;
+        let candidate = PathBuf::from(value_str);
+        if candidate.is_dir() {
+            collect_md_files(&candidate, &mut files, label);
+        } else if candidate.is_file() {
+            files.push((label.clone(), candidate));
+        } else if candidate.extension().is_none() {
+            // Glob like "docs/pages/**": walk the base directory.
+            let base = PathBuf::from(value_str.trim_end_matches("/**").trim_end_matches('*'));
+            if base.is_dir() {
+                collect_md_files(&base, &mut files, label);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    files.sort_by(|a, b| a.0.cmp(&b.0).then(a.1.cmp(&b.1)));
+    Some(files)
+}
+
+/// Recursively collects all `.md` files under a directory.
+fn collect_md_files(dir: &Path, files: &mut Vec<(String, PathBuf)>, label: &str) {
+    if let Ok(entries) = std::fs::read_dir(dir) {
+        for entry in entries.flatten() {
+            let path = entry.path();
+            if path.is_dir() {
+                collect_md_files(&path, files, label);
+            } else if path.extension().is_some_and(|ext| ext == "md") {
+                files.push((label.to_string(), path));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Number of code blocks that failed to build.
+#[derive(Grouped)]
+pub struct ResultMarkdownCheck {
+    pub fail_count: usize,
+}
+
+#[derive(Grouped, Default)]
+pub struct ErrorMarkdownArgs(pub String);
+
+#[derive(Grouped, Default)]
+pub struct ErrorMarkdownConfig;
+
+/// Silently sets a non-zero exit code when any block failed.
+#[renderer(buffer)]
+pub fn render_markdown_check(r: ResultMarkdownCheck, exit_code: &mut ResExitCode) {
+    if r.fail_count > 0 {
+        exit_code.exit_code = 1;
+    }
+}
+
+#[renderer]
+pub fn render_error_markdown_args(e: ErrorMarkdownArgs, error: &CargoError) -> RenderResult {
+    let render_result = RenderResult::new();
+    error.println(vec![e.0]);
+    render_result
+}
+
+#[renderer]
+pub fn render_error_markdown_config(_: ErrorMarkdownConfig, error: &CargoError) -> RenderResult {
+    let render_result = RenderResult::new();
+    error.println(vec![format!("failed to read {VERIFIED_DOCS}")]);
+    render_result
+}
diff --git a/mingling_ci/src/task/cmd_markdown_compare.rs b/mingling_ci/src/task/cmd_markdown_compare.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b014f1e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mingling_ci/src/task/cmd_markdown_compare.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,221 @@
+use std::collections::BTreeSet;
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+
+use colored::Colorize;
+use just_fmt::snake_case;
+use mingling::{
+    Grouped, Routable,
+    macros::{buffer, command, renderer},
+    res::ResExitCode,
+};
+
+use crate::Next;
+use crate::markdown::compare::{collect_md_files, compare_signature};
+use crate::reporter::{self, ReportResult};
+use crate::task::cmd_markdown_check::{ErrorMarkdownArgs, ErrorMarkdownConfig, stem_of};
+
+const DOCS_DIR: &str = "./docs";
+const LANG_CONFIG: &str = ".config/docs-lang.txt";
+
+/// One file-pair outcome of a structure comparison.
+struct CompareOutcome {
+    item: String,
+    location: String,
+    ok: bool,
+    output: String,
+}
+
+#[command(node = "markdown-compare")]
+// `#[command]` rewrites an owned first param into the entry type, so the args
+// must be passed by value even though the body only reads them.
+#[allow(clippy::needless_pass_by_value)]
+pub fn markdown_compare(args: Vec<String>) -> Next {
+    let [ref_arg, trans_arg] = args.as_slice() else {
+        return ErrorMarkdownArgs("missing <reference> and <translation> arguments".to_string())
+            .to_chain();
+    };
+    let ref_path = cwd().join(ref_arg);
+    let trans_path = cwd().join(trans_arg);
+
+    reporter::set_task("Markdown-Compare");
+    let outcomes = if ref_path.is_dir() && trans_path.is_dir() {
+        compare_dirs(&ref_path, &trans_path, "doc")
+    } else if ref_path.is_file() && trans_path.is_file() {
+        compare_files(&ref_path, &trans_path, "doc")
+    } else {
+        return ErrorMarkdownArgs(
+            "both arguments must be files or both must be directories".to_string(),
+        )
+        .to_chain();
+    };
+    let fail_count = export_outcomes(&outcomes);
+    reporter::flush();
+
+    ResultMarkdownCompare { fail_count }.to_chain()
+}
+
+#[command(node = "markdown-compare-all")]
+pub fn markdown_compare_all() -> Next {
+    let Some(langs) = lang_config() else {
+        return ErrorMarkdownConfig.to_chain();
+    };
+    let Some(reference) = langs.first() else {
+        return ErrorMarkdownConfig.to_chain();
+    };
+    let ref_dir = PathBuf::from(DOCS_DIR).join(reference);
+    if !ref_dir.is_dir() {
+        return ErrorMarkdownArgs(format!(
+            "reference docs directory `{}` does not exist",
+            ref_dir.display()
+        ))
+        .to_chain();
+    }
+
+    reporter::set_task("Markdown-Compare-All");
+    let mut fail_count = 0;
+    for lang in &langs[1..] {
+        let lang_dir = PathBuf::from(DOCS_DIR).join(lang);
+        if !lang_dir.is_dir() {
+            eprintln!(
+                "  {}: `{}` does not exist",
+                "ERROR".bright_red(),
+                lang_dir.display()
+            );
+            fail_count += 1;
+            continue;
+        }
+        let outcomes = compare_dirs(&ref_dir, &lang_dir, &lang_key(lang));
+        fail_count += export_outcomes(&outcomes);
+    }
+    reporter::flush();
+
+    ResultMarkdownCompare { fail_count }.to_chain()
+}
+
+/// Compares one file pair (reference vs translation).
+fn compare_files(ref_path: &Path, trans_path: &Path, prefix: &str) -> Vec<CompareOutcome> {
+    let item = format!("{prefix}-{}", snake_case!(&stem_of(ref_path)));
+    let location = trans_path.to_string_lossy().into_owned();
+    match compare_signature(ref_path, trans_path) {
+        Ok(()) => vec![CompareOutcome {
+            item,
+            location,
+            ok: true,
+            output: String::new(),
+        }],
+        Err(diffs) => vec![CompareOutcome {
+            item,
+            location,
+            ok: false,
+            output: diffs.join("\n"),
+        }],
+    }
+}
+
+/// Compares two directories: every `.md` file in the reference must exist in
+/// the translation with the same structural signature; extra files are errors.
+fn compare_dirs(ref_dir: &Path, trans_dir: &Path, prefix: &str) -> Vec<CompareOutcome> {
+    let ref_files = collect_md_files(ref_dir);
+    let ref_set: BTreeSet<PathBuf> = ref_files.iter().cloned().collect();
+    let trans_set: BTreeSet<PathBuf> = collect_md_files(trans_dir).into_iter().collect();
+
+    let mut outcomes = Vec::new();
+    for file in ref_files {
+        let item = format!("{prefix}-{}", snake_case!(&stem_of(&file)));
+        let trans_path = trans_dir.join(&file);
+        let location = trans_path.to_string_lossy().into_owned();
+        if !trans_set.contains(&file) {
+            outcomes.push(CompareOutcome {
+                item,
+                location,
+                ok: false,
+                output: "missing in translation".to_string(),
+            });
+            continue;
+        }
+        outcomes.push(match compare_signature(&ref_dir.join(&file), &trans_path) {
+            Ok(()) => CompareOutcome {
+                item,
+                location,
+                ok: true,
+                output: String::new(),
+            },
+            Err(diffs) => CompareOutcome {
+                item,
+                location,
+                ok: false,
+                output: diffs.join("\n"),
+            },
+        });
+    }
+
+    for file in trans_set.difference(&ref_set) {
+        let item = format!("{prefix}-{}", snake_case!(&stem_of(file)));
+        let trans_path = trans_dir.join(file);
+        outcomes.push(CompareOutcome {
+            item,
+            location: trans_path.to_string_lossy().into_owned(),
+            ok: false,
+            output: "extra file, not in reference".to_string(),
+        });
+    }
+    outcomes
+}
+
+/// Exports the outcomes via `reporter`; failures also print to stderr.
+fn export_outcomes(outcomes: &[CompareOutcome]) -> usize {
+    let mut fail_count = 0;
+    for outcome in outcomes {
+        if outcome.ok {
+            reporter::export(&outcome.item, &outcome.location, ReportResult::Ok);
+        } else {
+            fail_count += 1;
+            eprintln!("  {} {}", "failed".bright_red(), outcome.item);
+            eprintln!("  {}\n{}", outcome.location, outcome.output);
+            reporter::export(
+                &outcome.item,
+                &outcome.location,
+                ReportResult::Error(outcome.output.clone()),
+            );
+        }
+    }
+    fail_count
+}
+
+/// Reads `.config/docs-lang.txt`: the first line is the reference directory
+/// (relative to `./docs/`), the rest are translations that must mirror it.
+fn lang_config() -> Option<Vec<String>> {
+    let content = std::fs::read_to_string(LANG_CONFIG).ok()?;
+    Some(
+        content
+            .lines()
+            .map(str::trim)
+            .filter(|l| !l.is_empty() && !l.starts_with('#'))
+            .map(|l| l.trim_start_matches("./").to_string())
+            .collect(),
+    )
+}
+
+/// Turns a lang directory path into a report-item key, e.g.
+/// `./_zh_CN/pages/` → `_zh_CN_pages`.
+fn lang_key(lang: &str) -> String {
+    lang.trim_matches('/').replace('/', "_")
+}
+
+fn cwd() -> PathBuf {
+    std::env::current_dir().unwrap_or_else(|_| PathBuf::from("."))
+}
+
+/// Number of files that failed the structure comparison.
+#[derive(Grouped)]
+pub struct ResultMarkdownCompare {
+    pub fail_count: usize,
+}
+
+/// Silently sets a non-zero exit code when any comparison failed.
+#[renderer(buffer)]
+pub fn render_markdown_compare(r: ResultMarkdownCompare, exit_code: &mut ResExitCode) {
+    if r.fail_count > 0 {
+        exit_code.exit_code = 1;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/mingling_ci/src/task/cmd_test.rs b/mingling_ci/src/task/cmd_test.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5b9f55a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mingling_ci/src/task/cmd_test.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+use std::ffi::OsString;
+use std::path::Path;
+
+use mingling::{
+    Grouped, Routable,
+    macros::{buffer, command, renderer},
+    res::ResExitCode,
+};
+
+use crate::Next;
+use crate::res::{Manifests, ResCrateConfig};
+use crate::task::run::{location, run_parallel_checks};
+
+#[command(node = "test-all")]
+pub async fn test_all(manifests: &Manifests, config: &ResCrateConfig) -> Next {
+    let tasks = manifests
+        .package_dirs
+        .iter()
+        .map(|(name, path)| {
+            let args = config.test_command(name).map_or_else(
+                || test_args(path),
+                |cmd| cmd.iter().map(|s| OsString::from(s.as_str())).collect(),
+            );
+            (name.clone(), location(path), args)
+        })
+        .collect();
+    let fail_count = run_parallel_checks("Test-All", "Testing", tasks).await;
+    ResultTestAll { fail_count }.to_chain()
+}
+
+/// Default: `cargo test --manifest-path <path>` (crates without a
+/// `mingling-ci.toml` override).
+fn test_args(path: &Path) -> Vec<OsString> {
+    vec![
+        "cargo".into(),
+        "test".into(),
+        "--manifest-path".into(),
+        path.as_os_str().to_os_string(),
+    ]
+}
+
+/// Number of packages that failed tests.
+#[derive(Grouped)]
+pub struct ResultTestAll {
+    pub fail_count: usize,
+}
+
+/// Silently sets a non-zero exit code when any test failed.
+#[renderer(buffer)]
+pub fn render_test_all(r: ResultTestAll, exit_code: &mut ResExitCode) {
+    if r.fail_count > 0 {
+        exit_code.exit_code = 1;
+    }
+}
diff --git a/mingling_ci/src/task/run.rs b/mingling_ci/src/task/run.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ba752dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mingling_ci/src/task/run.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+use std::ffi::OsString;
+use std::path::Path;
+
+use colored::Colorize;
+
+use crate::progress::task_progress_bar;
+use crate::reporter::{self, ReportResult};
+
+/// The manifest's parent directory, e.g. `./mingling` — the report location
+/// for a crate-based item.
+pub(crate) fn location(path: &Path) -> String {
+    path.parent()
+        .map_or_else(|| ".".to_string(), |d| d.to_string_lossy().into_owned())
+}
+
+/// Outcome of a `cargo` subcommand.
+struct CargoResult {
+    ok: bool,
+    exit_code: Option<i32>,
+    output: String,
+}
+
+/// Runs the given cargo task list in parallel.
+///
+/// Each task is an `(item, location, argv)` triple; progress and failures go
+/// to stderr: a failing task prints its output immediately and writes its
+/// report entry at the same time. Returns the number of failing tasks.
+pub(crate) async fn run_parallel_checks(
+    task: &str,
+    phase: &str,
+    tasks: Vec<(String, String, Vec<OsString>)>,
+) -> usize {
+    reporter::set_task(task);
+
+    let n = tasks.len();
+    let pb = task_progress_bar(n, phase);
+    pb.set_message("tasks");
+
+    // Run each task in parallel.
+    let mut set = tokio::task::JoinSet::new();
+    for (item, location, args) in tasks {
+        set.spawn(async move { (item, location, run_cargo(args).await) });
+    }
+
+    let mut fail_count = 0;
+    while let Some(joined) = set.join_next().await {
+        let Ok((item, location, result)) = joined else {
+            continue;
+        };
+        pb.inc(1);
+        pb.set_message(item.clone());
+
+        if result.ok {
+            reporter::export(&item, &location, ReportResult::Ok);
+        } else {
+            fail_count += 1;
+            // Failures print to stderr immediately (bar suspended to avoid
+            // interleaving) and write their report entry at the same time.
+            pb.suspend(|| {
+                eprintln!(
+                    "{}: {} failed{}",
+                    phase.bold().bright_cyan(),
+                    item,
+                    result
+                        .exit_code
+                        .map_or_else(String::new, |c| format!(" (exit code {c})"))
+                );
+                for line in result.output.lines() {
+                    eprintln!("  {line}");
+                }
+            });
+            reporter::export(&item, &location, ReportResult::Error(result.output));
+        }
+    }
+
+    pb.finish_and_clear();
+    reporter::flush();
+    fail_count
+}
+
+/// Runs a `cargo` subcommand, capturing its output.
+/// Runs a cargo subcommand (`argv[0]` is the program), capturing its output.
+async fn run_cargo(argv: Vec<OsString>) -> CargoResult {
+    let mut argv = argv.into_iter();
+    let Some(program) = argv.next() else {
+        return CargoResult {
+            ok: false,
+            exit_code: None,
+            output: "empty command".to_string(),
+        };
+    };
+
+    let output = tokio::process::Command::new(program)
+        .args(argv)
+        .output()
+        .await;
+
+    match output {
+        Ok(output) => {
+            let mut log = String::from_utf8_lossy(&output.stdout).into_owned();
+            log.push_str(&String::from_utf8_lossy(&output.stderr));
+            CargoResult {
+                ok: output.status.success(),
+                exit_code: output.status.code(),
+                output: log,
+            }
+        }
+        Err(e) => CargoResult {
+            ok: false,
+            exit_code: None,
+            output: format!("failed to run cargo: {e}"),
+        },
+    }
+}