use std::{
    any::{Any, TypeId},
    collections::HashMap,
    sync::{Arc, Mutex},
};

use crate::{ChainProcess, Program, ProgramCollect, this};

/// A standalone, thread-safe container for storing global resources keyed by their type.
///
/// This is the resource store behind [`Program`]'s resource API: every `Program`
/// owns one of these containers and all of its resource operations delegate to it.
///
/// Unlike the resource API on [`Program`], this container is **not** coupled to a
/// program instance nor to the global `this::<C>()` context, so any number of
/// containers can be created and used at the same time — each with fully
/// independent storage.
///
/// Each resource is stored behind its **own** [`Mutex`]. The container lock is
/// only held for the brief lookup/clone of the entry, so two nested
/// `modify_res` calls (e.g. two `&mut` resource parameters generated by
/// `#[chain]`) lock **different** mutexes and cannot deadlock against each other.
pub struct GlobalResContainer {
    /// Thread-safe storage for resources, keyed by their `TypeId` and protected by a `Mutex`.
    ///
    /// Each entry is a `Box<dyn Any>` holding an `Arc<Mutex<Arc<Res>>>`: the outer
    /// `Mutex` guards the entry itself (so a resource can be locked without
    /// holding the container lock), and the inner `Arc<Res>` is the shared
    /// immutable snapshot returned by `res()`.
    map: Mutex<HashMap<TypeId, Box<dyn Any + Send + Sync>>>,
}

impl GlobalResContainer {
    /// Creates an empty resource container.
    ///
    /// Usage:
    ///
    /// ```
    /// # use mingling_core::GlobalResContainer;
    /// let container = GlobalResContainer::new();
    /// ```
    #[must_use]
    pub fn new() -> Self {
        Self {
            map: Mutex::new(HashMap::new()),
        }
    }

    /// Clones the per-resource entry out from under the container lock.
    ///
    /// The container lock is released as soon as the entry `Arc` is cloned,
    /// so all subsequent operations lock only the resource's own mutex.
    fn res_entry<Res: 'static>(&self) -> Option<Arc<Mutex<Arc<Res>>>> {
        let guard = self.map.lock().ok()?;
        let entry = guard
            .get(&TypeId::of::<Res>())?
            .as_ref()
            .downcast_ref::<Arc<Mutex<Arc<Res>>>>()
            .map(Arc::clone);
        drop(guard);
        entry
    }

    /// Inserts (or overwrites) a resource into the [`GlobalResContainer`].
    ///
    /// # Behavior
    ///
    /// - The resource is stored bound to the `TypeId` of its type. That is, **the same type**
    ///   can only have one resource instance — a later inserted resource of the same type will
    ///   **overwrite** the previously inserted old value.
    /// - Different `Res` types are **completely independent** of each other in the container.
    /// - Resources are stored as `Arc<Mutex<Arc<Res>>>`: the outer `Mutex` guarantees that
    ///   only one caller can modify the resource at a time (but holding that lock does not
    ///   block the container's global lock); the inner `Arc<Res>` is used to provide immutable
    ///   shared snapshots for read-only APIs such as `res()` / `res_or_default()`.
    /// - `Res` must satisfy `'static + Send + Sync` (for thread-safe sharing) as well as the
    ///   [`ResourceMarker`] trait (providing default values, cloning, etc.).
    ///
    /// # Return Value
    ///
    /// Returns `&mut self` for chained calls, for example:
    ///
    /// ```
    /// # use mingling_core::GlobalResContainer;
    /// let mut container = GlobalResContainer::new();
    /// container
    ///     .with_resource(42i32)
    ///     .with_resource(String::from("hello"));
    /// ```
    pub fn with_resource<Res: 'static + Send + Sync + ResourceMarker>(
        &mut self,
        res: Res,
    ) -> &mut Self {
        if let Ok(mut guard) = self.map.lock() {
            guard.insert(
                TypeId::of::<Res>(),
                Box::new(Arc::new(Mutex::new(Arc::new(res)))),
            );
        }
        self
    }

    /// Performs a **read-modify-write** operation on an existing resource in the container
    /// and returns the closure's return value.
    ///
    /// # Behavior
    ///
    /// 1. First, looks up the resource entry corresponding to the `Res` type in the container.
    /// 2. If the entry **does not exist** (has not been inserted via [`with_resource`] or
    ///    [`__store_res`]), returns `Return::default()` directly, **without** calling `f`,
    ///    and without inserting any new resource.
    /// 3. If the entry exists, locks the resource's own mutex (note: this lock is **separate**
    ///    from the container's global lock, so nested calls will not deadlock).
    /// 4. Takes the resource **out** of the container (attempting to take ownership directly
    ///    via `Arc::try_unwrap`):
    ///    - If the `Arc` has no other holders (i.e., no `GlobalResource` snapshot references it),
    ///      the original value is taken directly, without cloning.
    ///    - If the `Arc` has other holders (e.g., `res()` was called elsewhere and holds a
    ///      shared snapshot), a **clone** is made via `__resource_marker_clone()` for
    ///      modification; the original snapshot is unaffected.
    /// 5. Passes the cloned/taken value to the closure `f(&mut new_res)` for modification and
    ///    collects the closure's return value `r`.
    /// 6. Writes the modified new value **back** into the resource slot, then releases the
    ///    resource lock.
    /// 7. Returns the closure's result `r`.
    ///
    /// # Constraints
    ///
    /// - `Res` must satisfy `'static + Default + ResourceMarker + Send + Sync`.
    ///   `ResourceMarker` guarantees the resource can be cloned (when a shared snapshot exists)
    ///   and can be default-instantiated.
    /// - `Return` must implement `Default`, because when the resource does not exist or the
    ///   lock is poisoned, this method returns `Return::default()` as a fallback value.
    ///
    /// # Example
    ///
    /// ```
    /// # use mingling_core::GlobalResContainer;
    /// let mut container = GlobalResContainer::new();
    /// container.with_resource(10i32);
    ///
    /// // Resource exists: modify and return the value
    /// let double = container.modify_res(|v: &mut i32| { *v *= 2; *v });
    /// assert_eq!(double, 20);
    /// assert_eq!(*container.res::<i32>().unwrap(), 20);
    ///
    /// // Resource does not exist: returns Default, closure is not called
    /// let missing = container.modify_res::<String, i32>(|_| 42);
    /// assert_eq!(missing, 0);
    /// ```
    ///
    /// [`with_resource`]: Self::with_resource
    /// [`__store_res`]: Self::__store_res
    /// [`res()`]: Self::res
    pub fn modify_res<Res, Return>(&self, f: impl FnOnce(&mut Res) -> Return) -> Return
    where
        Res: 'static + Default + ResourceMarker + Send + Sync,
        Return: Default,
    {
        let Some(entry) = self.res_entry::<Res>() else {
            return Return::default();
        };
        let Ok(mut guard) = entry.lock() else {
            return Return::default();
        };
        let mut new_res = match Arc::try_unwrap(std::mem::take(&mut *guard)) {
            Ok(val) => val,
            Err(arc) => (*arc).__resource_marker_clone(),
        };
        let r = f(&mut new_res);
        *guard = Arc::new(new_res);
        r
    }

    /// Performs a **read-modify-write** operation on an existing resource in the container
    /// and directly passes the closure's [`ChainProcess<C>`] routing result to the caller.
    ///
    /// # Purpose
    ///
    /// This is an internal method used by `#[chain]`, `#[resource]`, and similar macros;
    /// it typically does not appear directly in user business code.
    ///
    /// This method behaves very similarly to [`modify_res`](Self::modify_res), with the
    /// only differences being:
    ///
    /// - The closure `f`'s return type is [`ChainProcess<C>`], rather than an arbitrary generic
    ///   `Return`. This means it is designed for **chained program routing/jumping**
    ///   scenarios — the closure can return `ChainProcess::Ok(...)` /
    ///   `ChainProcess::Err(...)` / jump targets, etc., to route program execution to the
    ///   next stage.
    /// - When the resource does not exist or the container/resource lock is poisoned,
    ///   `modify_res` returns `Return::default()`, whereas this method constructs a
    ///   **default resource** (via `ResourceMarker::__resource_marker_default()`),
    ///   still calls `f`, and returns the `ChainProcess<C>` produced by `f` directly.
    ///   That is, this method **always** calls the closure `f` and returns its routing result.
    ///
    /// # Execution Steps
    ///
    /// 1. Looks up the resource entry by `Res` type in the container.
    ///    - If the entry **does not exist**, constructs a **temporary default resource**
    ///      via `ResourceMarker::__resource_marker_default()`, directly calls
    ///      `f(&mut default_res)`, and returns its result.
    ///    - If the entry exists, continues to step 2.
    /// 2. Locks the resource's **own** `Mutex` (independent of the container's global lock;
    ///    nested calls will not deadlock).
    ///    - If the lock is poisoned, also goes down the "default resource" branch:
    ///      constructs a default instance and calls `f`.
    /// 3. Attempts to take the resource's **ownership** via `Arc::try_unwrap`:
    ///    - If the `Arc` has no other holders (no shared snapshots), takes the original value;
    ///    - If there are other holders (e.g., a [`GlobalResource`] snapshot exists elsewhere),
    ///      calls `ResourceMarker::__resource_marker_clone()` to **clone** a copy for
    ///      modification; the original snapshot is unaffected.
    /// 4. Passes the taken value to the closure `f(&mut new_res)` to execute the modification
    ///    logic, obtaining the routing result `r`.
    /// 5. Writes the modified new value **back** into the resource slot, releases the
    ///    resource lock.
    /// 6. Returns `r` to the caller.
    ///
    /// # Constraints
    ///
    /// - `Res` must satisfy `'static + Default + ResourceMarker + Send + Sync`.
    ///   `ResourceMarker` provides cloning and default instantiation capabilities;
    ///   `Default` is used to construct fallback values.
    /// - `C` must implement `ProgramCollect<Enum = C>`, i.e., the current program's
    ///   collector type.
    /// - `ChainProcess<C>` represents an intermediate/terminal state of chained program
    ///   execution, decoded by macro-expanded code to determine the next step.
    ///
    /// # Role as a Macro-Expansion Internal Method
    ///
    /// In code generated by `#[chain]` and similar macros, when a resource needs to be
    /// injected as a **mutable reference** (`&mut Res`) into a procedure/step, while also
    /// ensuring that the procedure can return a `ChainProcess<C>` to drive program-flow
    /// routing, the macro expansion generates a call to `__modify_res_and_return_route`.
    /// This ensures:
    ///
    /// - The resource modification and the `ChainProcess` routing result are completed in
    ///   **one atomic operation**;
    /// - Regardless of whether the resource exists, macro-expanded code can obtain a
    ///   `ChainProcess<C>` to continue program execution flow;
    /// - Macro-generated code does not need to worry about internal locking, `Arc`
    ///   ownership, or cloning details, all encapsulated by this method.
    ///
    /// # Example
    ///
    /// ```
    /// # use mingling_core::{GlobalResContainer, ChainProcess, error::ChainProcessError};
    /// # use mingling_core::MockProgramCollect;
    /// let mut container = GlobalResContainer::new();
    /// container.with_resource(1i32);
    ///
    /// // After macro expansion, this is equivalent to: take out the i32 resource,
    /// // modify it, and return the routing result
    /// let route: ChainProcess<MockProgramCollect> =
    ///     container.__modify_res_and_return_route(|v: &mut i32| {
    ///         *v += 1;
    ///         ChainProcess::Err(ChainProcessError::Other("done".into()))
    ///     });
    /// assert!(matches!(route, ChainProcess::Err(_)));
    /// assert_eq!(*container.res::<i32>().unwrap(), 2);
    /// ```
    ///
    /// [`ChainProcess<C>`]: crate::ChainProcess
    /// [`Program::__modify_res_and_return_route`]: crate::Program::__modify_res_and_return_route
    ///
    /// # Note
    ///
    /// This method is **`#[doc(hidden)]`**, and the API will not be publicly exposed in
    /// stable documentation. Do not call it directly in business code; use public macros or
    /// the public [`Program`] methods to operate on resources.
    #[doc(hidden)]
    pub fn __modify_res_and_return_route<Res, C>(
        &self,
        f: impl FnOnce(&mut Res) -> ChainProcess<C>,
    ) -> ChainProcess<C>
    where
        Res: 'static + Default + ResourceMarker + Send + Sync,
        C: ProgramCollect<Enum = C>,
    {
        let Some(entry) = self.res_entry::<Res>() else {
            let mut default_res = Res::__resource_marker_default();
            return f(&mut default_res);
        };
        let Ok(mut guard) = entry.lock() else {
            let mut default_res = Res::__resource_marker_default();
            return f(&mut default_res);
        };
        let mut new_res = match Arc::try_unwrap(std::mem::take(&mut *guard)) {
            Ok(val) => val,
            Err(arc) => (*arc).__resource_marker_clone(),
        };
        let r = f(&mut new_res);
        *guard = Arc::new(new_res);
        r
    }

    /// **Takes** a `Res`-typed resource value **out** of the container and returns its
    /// ownership.
    ///
    /// # Purpose
    ///
    /// This is an internal method used by `#[chain]`, `#[resource]`, and similar macros;
    /// it typically does not appear directly in user business code.
    ///
    /// This method differs from the public [`modify_res`](Self::modify_res):
    ///
    /// - `modify_res` is a **modify-and-write-back** operation, where the value modified by
    ///   the closure is **written back** into the container's resource slot;
    /// - This method performs a **take-and-return** operation — it requires no closure and
    ///   does not write the modified value back into the container. It **moves** the resource
    ///   **out of** the container into the caller's hands, granting the caller full ownership
    ///   (or an independent copy) of the resource, so it can be used independently of the
    ///   container.
    ///
    /// # Execution Steps
    ///
    /// 1. Looks up the resource entry by `Res` type in the container:
    ///    - If the entry **does not exist**, constructs and returns a default instance via
    ///      `ResourceMarker::__resource_marker_default()`.
    ///    - If the entry exists, continues to step 2.
    /// 2. Locks the resource's **own** `Mutex`. If the lock is poisoned, also returns a
    ///    default instance.
    /// 3. Attempts to take the resource's **ownership** via `Arc::try_unwrap`:
    ///    - If the `Arc` has no other holders (no shared snapshots), returns the original
    ///      value directly;
    ///    - If there are other holders (e.g., a [`GlobalResource`] shared snapshot exists),
    ///      calls `ResourceMarker::__resource_marker_clone()` to **clone** a copy and returns
    ///      it; the original value in the container is unaffected (not written back).
    /// 4. Returns the taken `Res` value.
    ///
    /// # Resource Slot State
    ///
    /// This method does **not** write a new value back into the container, so the resource
    /// slot is **cleared** after being taken (since it internally uses `mem::take`, the
    /// slot is emptied). Subsequent calls to [`res()`](Self::res) /
    /// [`modify_res`](Self::modify_res) for the same resource will find that the entry
    /// **still exists** (the `TypeId` key is still present), but the `Arc` inside the slot
    /// has been emptied and replaced with a `Default::default()`-typed empty value — the
    /// exact behavior depends on internal implementation details, and macro-expanded code
    /// should not rely on the precise state of the slot after extraction.
    ///
    /// # Constraints
    ///
    /// - `Res` must satisfy `'static + Default + ResourceMarker + Send + Sync`.
    ///
    /// # Role as a Macro-Expansion Internal Method
    ///
    /// In macro-generated code, when a resource needs to be **taken out at once** from the
    /// container and handed to an operation that requires ownership (rather than borrowing)
    /// — e.g., moving the resource to another container, passing it to an
    /// `impl FnOnce(Res)`-style closure, or participating in special `Arc::try_unwrap`
    /// semantics — the macro expansion calls this method. It avoids borrow-lifetime
    /// entanglement and delivers ownership of the value directly.
    ///
    /// # Example (simulating macro-expansion internal calls)
    ///
    /// ```
    /// # use mingling_core::GlobalResContainer;
    /// let mut container = GlobalResContainer::new();
    /// container.with_resource(3i32);
    ///
    /// let extracted: i32 = container.__extract_res_mut();
    /// assert_eq!(extracted, 3);
    /// ```
    ///
    /// [`Program::__extract_res_mut`]: crate::Program::__extract_res_mut
    ///
    /// # Note
    ///
    /// This method is **`#[doc(hidden)]`**, and the API will not be publicly exposed in
    /// stable documentation. Do not call it directly in business code.
    #[doc(hidden)]
    #[must_use]
    pub fn __extract_res_mut<Res: 'static + Default + ResourceMarker + Send + Sync>(&self) -> Res {
        let Some(entry) = self.res_entry::<Res>() else {
            return Res::__resource_marker_default();
        };
        let Ok(mut guard) = entry.lock() else {
            return Res::__resource_marker_default();
        };
        match Arc::try_unwrap(std::mem::take(&mut *guard)) {
            Ok(val) => val,
            Err(arc) => (*arc).__resource_marker_clone(),
        }
    }

    /// **Overwrites** a resource value into the container.
    ///
    /// # Purpose
    ///
    /// This is an internal method used by `#[chain]`, `#[resource]`, and similar macros;
    /// it typically does not appear directly in user business code.
    ///
    /// This method behaves **almost identically** to the public
    /// [`with_resource`](Self::with_resource) (both store/overwrite a resource by type), but
    /// the two differ in their method signatures:
    ///
    /// - [`with_resource`](Self::with_resource) takes `&mut self` and returns `&mut Self`,
    ///   suitable for chained **initialization** scenarios (e.g., registering multiple
    ///   resources at once during `Program` construction);
    /// - `__store_res` takes `&self` and returns no value, suitable for **runtime**
    ///   dynamic overwrite/update of a resource's value (e.g., macro-expanded code already
    ///   holding an immutable reference).
    ///
    /// # Execution Steps
    ///
    /// 1. Acquires the container's global lock. If the lock is poisoned, returns directly
    ///    without doing anything.
    /// 2. Looks up the existing entry by `Res` type in the container:
    ///    - If the entry **does not exist**, creates a new `Arc<Mutex<Arc<Res>>>` wrapper
    ///      under the `TypeId::of::<Res>()` key and inserts it into the container.
    ///    - If the entry **already exists**, attempts to downcast `boxed_any` to
    ///      `Arc<Mutex<Arc<Res>>>` and attempts to lock the resource's own `Mutex`:
    ///      * If downcasting succeeds and locking succeeds, writes the new `Arc::new(val)`
    ///        directly into that slot, completing the overwrite update;
    ///      * If downcasting fails (which should not happen in theory, since the type is
    ///        guaranteed by `TypeId`) or the lock is poisoned, **replaces the entire entry**
    ///        (constructs a new `Arc<Mutex<Arc<Res>>>` and inserts it).
    /// 3. Releases the container's global lock; the operation is complete.
    ///
    /// # Concurrency Semantics
    ///
    /// - The container's global lock and the resource's own lock are **two independent
    ///   locks**. This method briefly holds the container's global lock to locate the
    ///   entry, then writes the new value **only** under the protection of the resource's
    ///   own lock — other threads calling `res()` / `modify_res()` for the same resource
    ///   will not see intermediate states.
    /// - If the container's global lock is poisoned, this method silently returns; if the
    ///   resource's own lock is poisoned, this method **replaces the entire entry** (discard
    ///   the old lock state), ensuring the new value can still be written successfully.
    ///
    /// # Constraints
    ///
    /// - `Res` must satisfy `'static + Send + Sync + ResourceMarker`.
    ///
    /// # Role as a Macro-Expansion Internal Method
    ///
    /// In macro-generated code, when a resource of a certain type needs to be **overwritten
    /// at runtime** (e.g., writing a `&mut Res` parameter back into the container after a
    /// procedure ends, or committing a newly computed resource snapshot back to the
    /// container), the macro expansion calls this method. It allows updating a resource's
    /// value in an environment where only `&self` (an immutable reference) is available,
    /// decoupling the resource's lifetime from the caller's borrow of the container.
    ///
    /// # Example (simulating macro-expansion internal calls)
    ///
    /// ```
    /// # use mingling_core::GlobalResContainer;
    /// let container = GlobalResContainer::new();
    ///
    /// // Runtime write
    /// container.__store_res(8i32);
    /// assert_eq!(*container.res::<i32>().unwrap(), 8);
    ///
    /// // Overwrite
    /// container.__store_res(9i32);
    /// assert_eq!(*container.res::<i32>().unwrap(), 9);
    /// ```
    ///
    /// [`Program::__store_res`]: crate::Program::__store_res
    ///
    /// # Note
    ///
    /// This method is **`#[doc(hidden)]`**, and the API will not be publicly exposed in
    /// stable documentation. Do not call it directly in business code; use the public
    /// [`with_resource`](Self::with_resource) or [`modify_res`](Self::modify_res) public
    /// methods instead.
    #[doc(hidden)]
    pub fn __store_res<Res: 'static + Send + Sync + ResourceMarker>(&self, val: Res) {
        let Ok(mut guard) = self.map.lock() else {
            return;
        };
        let Some(boxed_any) = guard.get_mut(&TypeId::of::<Res>()) else {
            guard.insert(
                TypeId::of::<Res>(),
                Box::new(Arc::new(Mutex::new(Arc::new(val)))),
            );
            return;
        };
        if let Some(entry) = boxed_any.downcast_mut::<Arc<Mutex<Arc<Res>>>>()
            && let Ok(mut entry_guard) = entry.lock()
        {
            *entry_guard = Arc::new(val);
            return;
        }
        // The entry exists but cannot be updated (type mismatch or poisoned
        // lock): replace it wholesale.
        guard.insert(
            TypeId::of::<Res>(),
            Box::new(Arc::new(Mutex::new(Arc::new(val)))),
        );
    }

    /// Retrieves an **immutable shared snapshot** of a `Res`-typed resource from the container.
    ///
    /// # Behavior
    ///
    /// 1. Looks up the resource entry by `Res` type in the container:
    ///    - If the entry **does not exist** (has not been inserted via
    ///      [`with_resource`](Self::with_resource) or [`__store_res`](Self::__store_res)),
    ///      returns `None`.
    ///    - If the entry exists, continues to step 2.
    /// 2. Locks the resource's **own** `Mutex` (independent of the container's global lock;
    ///    nested calls will not deadlock).
    /// 3. If locking succeeds, clones the resource's internal `Arc<Res>` and wraps it as a
    ///    [`GlobalResource<Res>`] to return.
    ///
    /// The returned [`GlobalResource<Res>`] can be dereferenced like `&Res` via `Deref`.
    /// When multiple callers each hold their own returned [`GlobalResource<Res>`], they share
    /// the same underlying `Arc<Res>` data, maintaining **read-only consistency** with each
    /// other.
    ///
    /// # Relationship with Modification Operations
    ///
    /// - This method returns an **immutable snapshot** (`Arc<Res>`) of the resource and does
    ///   not block or wait for other threads to modify the resource (modification operations
    ///   lock the resource's own `Mutex`).
    /// - When a [`GlobalResource<Res>`] snapshot is held externally (`Arc` strong reference
    ///   count > 1), subsequent [`modify_res`](Self::modify_res) operations on the same
    ///   resource will **clone** a copy for modification, without affecting the snapshot
    ///   obtained here.
    ///
    /// # Return Value
    ///
    /// Returns `Option<GlobalResource<Res>>`:
    /// - If the resource exists and the lock can be acquired normally, returns
    ///   `Some(GlobalResource<Res>)`;
    /// - If the resource does not exist or the resource lock is poisoned, returns `None`.
    ///
    /// # Constraints
    ///
    /// - `Res` must satisfy `'static + Send + Sync`.
    ///
    /// # Example
    ///
    /// ```
    /// # use mingling_core::GlobalResContainer;
    /// let mut container = GlobalResContainer::new();
    /// container.with_resource(10i32);
    ///
    /// let res = container.res::<i32>();
    /// assert_eq!(*res.unwrap(), 10);
    ///
    /// // Resource does not exist: returns None
    /// assert!(container.res::<String>().is_none());
    /// ```
    ///
    /// If you want a default value when the entry does not exist, use
    /// [`res_or_default`](Self::res_or_default); if you need to route to a specific path
    /// when the resource is missing, use [`res_or_route`](Self::res_or_route).
    #[must_use]
    pub fn res<Res: 'static + Send + Sync>(&self) -> Option<GlobalResource<Res>> {
        let entry = self.res_entry::<Res>()?;
        let guard = entry.lock().ok()?;
        Some(GlobalResource::from(Arc::clone(&*guard)))
    }

    /// Retrieves an **immutable shared snapshot** of a `Res`-typed resource from the container;
    /// returns the provided routing result if the resource does not exist.
    ///
    /// # Behavior
    ///
    /// 1. Looks up the resource entry by `Res` type in the container:
    ///    - If the entry **exists** and the resource lock can be acquired normally, clones
    ///      the resource's internal `Arc<Res>` (wrapped via [`GlobalResource`]) and returns
    ///      it as `Ok(...)`.
    ///    - If the entry **does not exist** (has not been inserted via
    ///      [`with_resource`](Self::with_resource) or [`__store_res`](Self::__store_res)),
    ///      returns `Err(route)` directly — the caller-provided `ChainProcess<C>` is
    ///      returned as-is, without calling any closure.
    /// 2. A poisoned lock is treated the same as a missing resource: returns `Err(route)`.
    ///
    /// # Return Value
    ///
    /// Returns `Result<GlobalResource<Res>, ChainProcess<C>>`:
    /// - When the resource exists, returns `Ok(GlobalResource<Res>)` (a shared immutable
    ///   snapshot);
    /// - When the resource does not exist or the resource lock is poisoned, returns
    ///   `Err(route)` (the provided routing result is returned as-is).
    ///
    /// # Purpose
    ///
    /// In chained program-routing (`#[chain]` and similar macros) scenarios, when a resource
    /// is missing, it is usually desirable to route the program flow to some error-handling
    /// branch or default path. This method allows the caller to pre-construct a
    /// [`ChainProcess<C>`] route: when the resource exists, processing continues normally;
    /// when the resource is missing, routing jumps to that path in place, avoiding
    /// additional nested checks.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// Returns `Err(route)` (the provided `ChainProcess<C>` is returned as-is) when:
    /// - The resource entry does not exist in the container;
    /// - The resource's own lock is poisoned.
    ///
    /// # Constraints
    ///
    /// - `Res` must satisfy `'static + Send + Sync`.
    /// - `C` must implement `ProgramCollect<Enum = C>`.
    ///
    /// # Example
    ///
    /// ```
    /// # use mingling_core::{GlobalResContainer, ChainProcess, error::ChainProcessError};
    /// # use mingling_core::MockProgramCollect;
    /// let container = GlobalResContainer::new();
    /// let route: ChainProcess<MockProgramCollect> =
    ///     ChainProcess::Err(ChainProcessError::Other("missing".into()));
    ///
    /// // Resource missing: returns Err(route)
    /// // Note: ChainProcess is not Clone, so pass each route by value.
    /// assert!(container.res_or_route::<i32, MockProgramCollect>(route).is_err());
    ///
    /// let mut container = GlobalResContainer::new();
    /// container.with_resource(42i32);
    /// // Resource exists: returns Ok(GlobalResource)
    /// let route: ChainProcess<MockProgramCollect> =
    ///     ChainProcess::Err(ChainProcessError::Other("missing".into()));
    /// match container.res_or_route::<i32, MockProgramCollect>(route) {
    ///     Ok(res) => assert_eq!(*res, 42),
    ///     Err(_) => panic!("expected Ok"),
    /// }
    /// ```
    ///
    /// [`ChainProcess<C>`]: crate::ChainProcess
    /// [`GlobalResource`]: crate::GlobalResource
    pub fn res_or_route<Res, C>(
        &self,
        route: ChainProcess<C>,
    ) -> Result<GlobalResource<Res>, ChainProcess<C>>
    where
        Res: 'static + Send + Sync,
        C: ProgramCollect<Enum = C>,
    {
        self.res().map_or_else(|| Err(route), Ok)
    }

    /// Retrieves an **immutable shared snapshot** of a `Res`-typed resource from the container;
    /// returns a default instance if the resource does not exist.
    ///
    /// # Behavior
    ///
    /// 1. Looks up the resource entry by `Res` type in the container:
    ///    - If the entry **exists** and the resource lock can be acquired normally, clones
    ///      the resource's internal `Arc<Res>`, wraps it as a [`GlobalResource<Res>`], and
    ///      returns it.
    ///    - If the entry **does not exist** (has not been inserted via
    ///      [`with_resource`](Self::with_resource) or [`__store_res`](Self::__store_res)),
    ///      constructs a **default instance** via
    ///      `ResourceMarker::__resource_marker_default()`, wraps it as a
    ///      [`GlobalResource<Res>`], and returns it.
    /// 2. A poisoned lock is treated the same as a missing resource: it also returns a
    ///    default instance.
    ///
    /// The returned [`GlobalResource<Res>`] can be dereferenced like `&Res` via `Deref`.
    /// When multiple callers each hold their own returned [`GlobalResource<Res>`], they share
    /// the same underlying `Arc<Res>` data, maintaining **read-only consistency** with each
    /// other.
    ///
    /// # Difference from [`res()`](Self::res)
    ///
    /// - [`res()`](Self::res) returns `None` when the resource is missing or the lock is
    ///   poisoned, requiring the caller to handle the `Option` themselves;
    /// - This method returns a default value constructed by
    ///   `ResourceMarker::__resource_marker_default()` in the same scenario, so the caller
    ///   does not need to handle the missing branch and can use the return value directly.
    ///
    /// If you need to route to a specific path (rather than return a default value) when the
    /// resource is missing, use [`res_or_route`](Self::res_or_route).
    ///
    /// # Constraints
    ///
    /// - `Res` must satisfy `'static + Send + Sync + ResourceMarker` (`ResourceMarker`
    ///   provides default instantiation capability).
    ///
    /// # Example
    ///
    /// ```
    /// # use mingling_core::GlobalResContainer;
    /// let mut container = GlobalResContainer::new();
    /// container.with_resource(10i32);
    ///
    /// // Resource exists: returns the actual value
    /// assert_eq!(*container.res_or_default::<i32>(), 10);
    ///
    /// // Resource does not exist: returns the default value (i32::default() == 0)
    /// assert_eq!(*container.res_or_default::<String>(), "");
    /// ```
    ///
    /// [`GlobalResource<Res>`]: crate::GlobalResource
    /// [`with_resource`]: Self::with_resource
    /// [`__store_res`]: Self::__store_res
    #[must_use]
    pub fn res_or_default<Res: 'static + Send + Sync + ResourceMarker>(
        &self,
    ) -> GlobalResource<Res> {
        self.res()
            .unwrap_or_else(|| GlobalResource::from(Arc::new(Res::__resource_marker_default())))
    }
}

impl Default for GlobalResContainer {
    fn default() -> Self {
        Self::new()
    }
}

impl<C> Program<C>
where
    C: ProgramCollect<Enum = C>,
{
    /// Inserts (or overwrites) a resource into the program's global resource container.
    ///
    /// This is a convenience wrapper around [`GlobalResContainer::with_resource`] that
    /// delegates to the `Program`'s internal `resources` container. The resource is stored
    /// keyed by its type with the same semantics as [`GlobalResContainer::with_resource`]:
    /// the same `Res` type can only hold one instance, and inserting the same type twice
    /// overwrites the previous value.
    ///
    /// # Parameters
    ///
    /// - `res`: The resource value to store. It must satisfy:
    ///   - `'static` — the value cannot contain borrowed data tied to a temporary lifetime.
    ///   - `Send + Sync` — it must be safe to share across threads.
    ///   - [`ResourceMarker`] — providing default value, clone, and modify capabilities.
    ///
    /// # Return Value
    ///
    /// Returns `&mut self` to allow method chaining, e.g.:
    ///
    /// ```
    /// # use mingling_core::Program;
    /// use mingling_core::MockProgramCollect as ThisProgram;
    /// let mut program = Program::<ThisProgram>::new_with_args(Vec::<String>::new());
    /// program
    ///     .with_resource(42i32)
    ///     .with_resource(String::from("hello"));
    /// ```
    ///
    /// # See Also
    ///
    /// - [`Self::res`] — read a shared immutable snapshot of a resource.
    /// - [`Self::modify_res`] — read-modify-write a resource in place.
    /// - [`GlobalResContainer::with_resource`] — the underlying implementation.
    pub fn with_resource<Res: 'static + Send + Sync + ResourceMarker>(
        &mut self,
        res: Res,
    ) -> &mut Self {
        self.resources.with_resource(res);
        self
    }

    /// Performs a **read-modify-write** operation on a resource stored in the program's
    /// resource container and returns the closure's return value.
    ///
    /// This method delegates to [`GlobalResContainer::modify_res`], which provides the
    /// full semantics of the read-modify-write operation. In summary:
    ///
    /// 1. Looks up the resource entry by `Res` type in the program's resource container.
    /// 2. If the entry does **not** exist (has not been inserted via [`with_resource`] or
    ///    [`__store_res`]), returns `Return::default()` immediately **without** calling `f`.
    /// 3. If the entry exists, locks the resource's **own** mutex (distinct from the
    ///    container's global lock, so nested `modify_res` calls do not deadlock).
    /// 4. Attempts to take ownership of the value via `Arc::try_unwrap`:
    ///    - If no other shared snapshot exists, the original value is taken directly.
    ///    - If another `GlobalResource` holds a snapshot, a **clone** is made via
    ///      `ResourceMarker::__resource_marker_clone()` for modification.
    /// 5. Calls the closure `f(&mut res)` with the available (`&mut`) reference.
    /// 6. Writes the modified value back into the resource slot and releases the lock.
    /// 7. Returns the closure's return value `r`.
    ///
    /// # Type Parameters
    ///
    /// - `Res`: The resource type to modify. Must satisfy
    ///   `'static + Default + ResourceMarker + Send + Sync`.
    /// - `Return`: The closure's return type. Must implement [`Default`] since a fallback
    ///   value is returned when the resource does not exist.
    ///
    /// # Example
    ///
    /// ```
    /// # use mingling_core::Program;
    /// use mingling_core::MockProgramCollect as ThisProgram;
    /// let mut program = Program::<ThisProgram>::new_with_args(Vec::<String>::new());
    /// program.with_resource(10i32);
    ///
    /// let doubled = program.modify_res(|v: &mut i32| { *v *= 2; *v });
    /// assert_eq!(doubled, 20);
    /// assert_eq!(*program.res::<i32>().unwrap(), 20);
    ///
    /// // Resource does not exist: returns Default without invoking the closure.
    /// let missing = program.modify_res::<String, i32>(|_| 42);
    /// assert_eq!(missing, 0);
    /// ```
    ///
    /// [`with_resource`]: Self::with_resource
    /// [`__store_res`]: Self::__store_res
    pub fn modify_res<Res, Return>(&self, f: impl FnOnce(&mut Res) -> Return) -> Return
    where
        Res: 'static + Default + ResourceMarker + Send + Sync,
        Return: Default,
    {
        self.resources.modify_res(f)
    }

    /// Performs a **read-modify-write** operation on a resource and returns a
    /// [`ChainProcess<C>`] routing result.
    ///
    /// # Purpose
    ///
    /// This is an internal method primarily used by `#[chain]` and related macros. It
    /// behaves similarly to [`modify_res`](Self::modify_res) but is designed for
    /// **chained program-routing** scenarios: the closure returns a [`ChainProcess<C>`]
    /// that drives program execution to the next stage. Unlike `modify_res`, this method
    /// **always** invokes the closure `f`, even when the resource does not exist or the
    /// lock is poisoned (in those cases it constructs a temporary default resource via
    /// `ResourceMarker::__resource_marker_default()`).
    ///
    /// # Execution Steps
    ///
    /// 1. Looks up the resource entry by `Res` type in the program's resource container.
    ///    - If missing, constructs a **default resource**, calls `f(&mut def)`, and returns
    ///      its [`ChainProcess<C>`] result.
    ///    - If present, continues to step 2.
    /// 2. Locks the resource's **own** mutex (independent of the container's global lock,
    ///    so nested calls do not deadlock). If the lock is poisoned, also goes down the
    ///    default-resource branch above.
    /// 3. Attempts to take ownership via `Arc::try_unwrap`; otherwise clones a copy for
    ///    modification using `ResourceMarker::__resource_marker_clone()`.
    /// 4. Calls `f(&mut new_res)`, obtains the routing result `r`, and writes the modified
    ///    value back into the resource slot.
    /// 5. Returns `r`.
    ///
    /// # Type Parameters
    ///
    /// - `Res`: The resource type. Must satisfy
    ///   `'static + Default + ResourceMarker + Send + Sync`.
    /// - `C`: The program collector type, constrained by the outer `impl` block to
    ///   `ProgramCollect<Enum = C>`.
    ///
    /// # Example
    ///
    /// ```
    /// # use mingling_core::{Program, ChainProcess, error::ChainProcessError};
    /// use mingling_core::MockProgramCollect as ThisProgram;
    /// let mut program = Program::<ThisProgram>::new_with_args(Vec::<String>::new());
    /// program.with_resource(1i32);
    ///
    /// let route: ChainProcess<ThisProgram> =
    ///     program.__modify_res_and_return_route(|v: &mut i32| {
    ///         *v += 1;
    ///         ChainProcess::Err(ChainProcessError::Other("done".into()))
    ///     });
    /// assert!(matches!(route, ChainProcess::Err(_)));
    /// assert_eq!(*program.res::<i32>().unwrap(), 2);
    /// ```
    ///
    /// # Note
    ///
    /// This method is **`#[doc(hidden)]`** and is not intended for direct use in
    /// business code. Use public macro-generated code or public APIs (e.g.
    /// [`modify_res`](Self::modify_res)) instead.
    #[doc(hidden)]
    pub fn __modify_res_and_return_route<Res>(
        &self,
        f: impl FnOnce(&mut Res) -> ChainProcess<C>,
    ) -> ChainProcess<C>
    where
        Res: 'static + Default + ResourceMarker + Send + Sync,
    {
        self.resources.__modify_res_and_return_route(f)
    }

    /// **Takes** a `Res`-typed resource value **out** of the program's resource container
    /// and returns its ownership.
    ///
    /// # Purpose
    ///
    /// This is an internal method used by `#[chain]`, `#[resource]`, and similar macros.
    /// Unlike [`modify_res`](Self::modify_res), which modifies a resource in place and
    /// writes it back, this method **moves** the resource out of the container (or clones
    /// an independent copy when shared snapshots exist) and returns it to the caller.
    ///
    /// # Execution Steps
    ///
    /// 1. Looks up the resource entry by `Res` type.
    ///    - If missing, constructs and returns a **default instance** via
    ///      `ResourceMarker::__resource_marker_default()`.
    /// 2. Locks the resource's own mutex. If poisoned, also returns a default instance.
    /// 3. Tries `Arc::try_unwrap` to move the original value out; otherwise clones a copy
    ///    via `ResourceMarker::__resource_marker_clone()`.
    /// 4. Returns the taken `Res` value. Note that the resource slot is **cleared** by
    ///    this operation; subsequent calls to [`res`](Self::res) for the same resource may
    ///    observe an emptied/default-valued slot.
    ///
    /// # Type Parameters
    ///
    /// - `Res`: The resource type to extract. Must satisfy
    ///   `'static + Default + ResourceMarker + Send + Sync`.
    ///
    /// # Example
    ///
    /// ```
    /// # use mingling_core::Program;
    /// use mingling_core::MockProgramCollect as ThisProgram;
    /// let mut program = Program::<ThisProgram>::new_with_args(Vec::<String>::new());
    /// program.with_resource(3i32);
    /// let extracted: i32 = program.__extract_res_mut();
    /// assert_eq!(extracted, 3);
    /// ```
    ///
    /// # Note
    ///
    /// This method is **`#[doc(hidden)]`** and is not intended for direct use in
    /// business code.
    #[doc(hidden)]
    #[must_use]
    pub fn __extract_res_mut<Res: 'static + Default + ResourceMarker + Send + Sync>(&self) -> Res {
        self.resources.__extract_res_mut()
    }

    /// **Overwrites** a resource value into the program's resource container.
    ///
    /// # Purpose
    ///
    /// This is an internal method used by `#[chain]`, `#[resource]`, and similar macros.
    /// It behaves almost identically to [`with_resource`](Self::with_resource) (both
    /// store/overwrite a resource by type), but differs in signature:
    ///
    /// - [`with_resource`](Self::with_resource) takes `&mut self` and returns `&mut Self`,
    ///   suitable for chained initialization.
    /// - `__store_res` takes `&self` and returns no value, suitable for **runtime**
    ///   dynamic overwrite/update when only an immutable reference is available.
    ///
    /// # Execution Steps
    ///
    /// 1. Acquires the container's global lock (silently returns if poisoned).
    /// 2. Looks up the existing entry by `Res` type:
    ///    - If the entry does **not** exist, creates a new `Arc<Mutex<Arc<Res>>>` wrapper
    ///      under `TypeId::of::<Res>()` and inserts it.
    ///    - If it already exists, attempts to update it in place under the resource's own
    ///      lock. If that fails (type mismatch or poisoned lock), replaces the entire entry.
    /// 3. Releases the container's global lock.
    ///
    /// # Type Parameters
    ///
    /// - `Res`: The resource type. Must satisfy
    ///   `'static + Send + Sync + ResourceMarker`.
    ///
    /// # Example
    ///
    /// ```
    /// # use mingling_core::Program;
    /// use mingling_core::MockProgramCollect as ThisProgram;
    /// let program = Program::<ThisProgram>::new_with_args(Vec::<String>::new());
    ///
    /// // Runtime write
    /// program.__store_res(8i32);
    /// assert_eq!(*program.res::<i32>().unwrap(), 8);
    ///
    /// // Overwrite
    /// program.__store_res(9i32);
    /// assert_eq!(*program.res::<i32>().unwrap(), 9);
    /// ```
    ///
    /// # Note
    ///
    /// This method is **`#[doc(hidden)]`** and is not intended for direct use in
    /// business code. Use [`with_resource`](Self::with_resource) or
    /// [`modify_res`](Self::modify_res) instead.
    #[doc(hidden)]
    pub fn __store_res<Res: 'static + Send + Sync + ResourceMarker>(&self, val: Res) {
        self.resources.__store_res(val);
    }

    /// Retrieves an **immutable shared snapshot** of a `Res`-typed resource from the
    /// program's resource container.
    ///
    /// # Behavior
    ///
    /// 1. Looks up the resource entry by `Res` type:
    ///    - If the entry **does not exist** (has not been inserted via
    ///      [`with_resource`](Self::with_resource) or [`__store_res`](Self::__store_res)),
    ///      returns `None`.
    ///    - If the entry exists, continues to step 2.
    /// 2. Locks the resource's **own** mutex (independent of the container's global lock,
    ///    so nested calls do not deadlock).
    /// 3. On success, clones the internal `Arc<Res>` and wraps it as a
    ///    [`GlobalResource<Res>`] to return.
    ///
    /// The returned [`GlobalResource<Res>`] can be dereferenced like `&Res` via `Deref`.
    /// Multiple callers holding their own [`GlobalResource<Res>`] share the same underlying
    /// `Arc<Res>` data, providing **read-only consistency**.
    ///
    /// # Return Value
    ///
    /// Returns `Option<GlobalResource<Res>>`:
    /// - `Some(GlobalResource<Res>)` when the resource exists and the lock can be acquired;
    /// - `None` when the resource does not exist or its lock is poisoned.
    ///
    /// If you want a default value in the missing case, use [`res_or_default`](Self::res_or_default);
    /// if you need to route to a specific path, use [`res_or_route`](Self::res_or_route).
    ///
    /// # Type Parameters
    ///
    /// - `Res`: The resource type to read. Must satisfy `'static + Send + Sync`.
    ///
    /// # Example
    ///
    /// ```
    /// # use mingling_core::Program;
    /// use mingling_core::MockProgramCollect as ThisProgram;
    /// let mut program = Program::<ThisProgram>::new_with_args(Vec::<String>::new());
    /// program.with_resource(10i32);
    ///
    /// let res = program.res::<i32>();
    /// assert_eq!(*res.unwrap(), 10);
    ///
    /// // Resource does not exist: returns None
    /// assert!(program.res::<String>().is_none());
    /// ```
    #[must_use]
    pub fn res<Res: 'static + Send + Sync>(&self) -> Option<GlobalResource<Res>> {
        self.resources.res()
    }

    /// Retrieves an **immutable shared snapshot** of a `Res`-typed resource from the
    /// program's resource container; returns the provided routing result if the resource
    /// does not exist.
    ///
    /// # Behavior
    ///
    /// 1. Looks up the resource entry by `Res` type:
    ///    - If the entry **exists** and the resource lock can be acquired, clones the
    ///      internal `Arc<Res>` and returns it as `Ok(GlobalResource<Res>)`.
    ///    - If the entry **does not exist** (or its lock is poisoned), returns
    ///      `Err(route)` — the caller-provided [`ChainProcess<C>`] is returned as-is,
    ///      without calling any closure.
    ///
    /// # Purpose
    ///
    /// In chained program-routing scenarios (e.g. `#[chain]`), when a resource is missing
    /// it is desirable to route program flow to an error-handling branch or default path.
    /// This method allows the caller to pre-construct a [`ChainProcess<C>`] route so that
    /// missing-resource handling is encapsulated in a single call.
    ///
    /// # Errors
    ///
    /// Returns `Err(route)` (the provided [`ChainProcess<C>`] as-is) when:
    /// - The resource entry does not exist in the container.
    /// - The resource's own lock is poisoned.
    ///
    /// # Type Parameters
    ///
    /// - `Res`: The resource type to read. Must satisfy `'static + Send + Sync`.
    /// - `C`: The program collector type, constrained by the outer `impl` block to
    ///   `ProgramCollect<Enum = C>`.
    ///
    /// # Example
    ///
    /// ```
    /// # use mingling_core::{Program, ChainProcess, error::ChainProcessError};
    /// use mingling_core::MockProgramCollect as ThisProgram;
    /// let program = Program::<ThisProgram>::new_with_args(Vec::<String>::new());
    /// let route: ChainProcess<ThisProgram> =
    ///     ChainProcess::Err(ChainProcessError::Other("missing".into()));
    ///
    /// // Resource missing: returns Err(route)
    /// // Note: ChainProcess is not Clone, so pass the route by value.
    /// assert!(program.res_or_route::<i32>(route).is_err());
    ///
    /// let mut program = Program::<ThisProgram>::new_with_args(Vec::<String>::new());
    /// program.with_resource(42i32);
    /// // Resource exists: returns Ok(GlobalResource)
    /// let route: ChainProcess<ThisProgram> =
    ///     ChainProcess::Err(ChainProcessError::Other("missing".into()));
    /// match program.res_or_route::<i32>(route) {
    ///     Ok(res) => assert_eq!(*res, 42),
    ///     Err(_) => panic!("expected Ok"),
    /// }
    /// ```
    pub fn res_or_route<Res: 'static + Send + Sync>(
        &self,
        route: ChainProcess<C>,
    ) -> Result<GlobalResource<Res>, ChainProcess<C>> {
        self.resources.res_or_route(route)
    }

    /// Retrieves an **immutable shared snapshot** of a `Res`-typed resource from the
    /// program's resource container; returns a default instance if the resource does not
    /// exist.
    ///
    /// # Behavior
    ///
    /// 1. Looks up the resource entry by `Res` type:
    ///    - If the entry **exists** and the resource lock can be acquired, clones the
    ///      internal `Arc<Res>`, wraps it as a [`GlobalResource<Res>`], and returns it.
    ///    - If the entry **does not exist** (or its lock is poisoned), constructs a
    ///      default instance via `ResourceMarker::__resource_marker_default()`, wraps it
    ///      as a [`GlobalResource<Res>`], and returns it.
    ///
    /// # Difference from [`res`](Self::res)
    ///
    /// - [`res`](Self::res) returns `None` when the resource is missing or the lock is
    ///   poisoned, requiring the caller to handle the `Option` themselves.
    /// - This method returns a default value in the same scenario, so the caller does not
    ///   need to handle the missing branch.
    ///
    /// If you need to route to a specific path (rather than return a default value) when
    /// the resource is missing, use [`res_or_route`](Self::res_or_route).
    ///
    /// # Type Parameters
    ///
    /// - `Res`: The resource type to read. Must satisfy
    ///   `'static + Send + Sync + ResourceMarker` (the latter provides default
    ///   instantiation capability).
    ///
    /// # Example
    ///
    /// ```
    /// # use mingling_core::Program;
    /// use mingling_core::MockProgramCollect as ThisProgram;
    /// let mut program = Program::<ThisProgram>::new_with_args(Vec::<String>::new());
    /// program.with_resource(10i32);
    ///
    /// // Resource exists: returns the actual value
    /// assert_eq!(*program.res_or_default::<i32>(), 10);
    ///
    /// // Resource does not exist: returns the default value (i32::default() == 0)
    /// assert_eq!(*program.res_or_default::<String>(), "");
    /// ```
    #[must_use]
    pub fn res_or_default<Res: 'static + Send + Sync + ResourceMarker>(
        &self,
    ) -> GlobalResource<Res> {
        self.resources.res_or_default()
    }
}

/// Global type wrapper.
///
/// `GlobalResource` is a **thread-safe shared immutable snapshot** wrapper around a resource value.
/// It internally holds an `Arc<ResType>`, allowing multiple callers to simultaneously hold read-only
/// access to the same underlying data without worrying about ownership transfer or lifetime entanglement.
///
/// # Why `GlobalResource` is Needed
///
/// In the [`GlobalResContainer`] (global resource container), resources are stored in a three-layer
/// `Arc<Mutex<Arc<Res>>>` structure:
///
/// - The outer `Mutex` ensures that only one modifier can exclusively access the resource at a time;
/// - The innermost `Arc<Res>` provides an **immutable shared snapshot**;
/// - `GlobalResource` is the safe exposure wrapper around that innermost `Arc<Res>`.
///
/// When multiple callers each obtain a `GlobalResource` via [`GlobalResContainer::res`], they share
/// the same underlying `Arc<Res>`, thus guaranteeing consistency of data between them (all being the
/// same snapshot).
///
/// # Usage
///
/// `GlobalResource<ResType>` implements [`Deref`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/core/ops/trait.Deref.html) (with target type `ResType`), so it can be
/// dereferenced directly like `&ResType` to access the underlying value:
///
/// ```
/// # use mingling_core::GlobalResource;
/// let res = GlobalResource::new(42i32);
/// assert_eq!(*res, 42);
/// ```
///
/// It can also be used with [`AsRef`] to obtain a `&ResType` reference:
///
/// ```
/// # use mingling_core::GlobalResource;
/// let res = GlobalResource::new(String::from("hello"));
/// assert_eq!(res.as_ref(), "hello");
/// ```
///
/// # Relationship with Modification Operations
///
/// - `GlobalResource` provides **read-only** access only; the underlying data is immutable.
/// - When an external caller holds a `GlobalResource` (causing the `Arc` strong reference count
///   to be > 1), subsequent [`modify_res`](GlobalResContainer::modify_res) operations on the same
///   resource will **clone** a copy for modification and **will not affect** the snapshot held here.
/// - This means that `GlobalResource` can serve as a stable view of the resource, retaining the
///   data content as of the initial read even after modification operations occur.
///
/// # Type Constraints
///
/// - `ResType` must satisfy `'static + Send + Sync` to ensure safe sharing across threads.
/// - The resource itself typically also needs to implement [`ResourceMarker`] (providing default
///   values, cloning, etc.) so that the container can perform default instantiation and
///   clone-based modification.
///
/// # See Also
///
/// - [`GlobalResContainer::res`] — obtain a `GlobalResource` snapshot from the container.
/// - [`GlobalResContainer::res_or_default`] — obtain a snapshot, or return a default value when missing.
/// - [`GlobalResContainer::res_or_route`] — obtain a snapshot, or route to a specified path when missing.
///
/// [`GlobalResContainer`]: crate::GlobalResContainer
/// [`GlobalResContainer::res`]: crate::GlobalResContainer::res
/// [`GlobalResContainer::res_or_default`]: crate::GlobalResContainer::res_or_default
/// [`GlobalResContainer::res_or_route`]: crate::GlobalResContainer::res_or_route
/// [`ResourceMarker`]: crate::ResourceMarker
pub struct GlobalResource<ResType: 'static + Send + Sync> {
    res_arc: Arc<ResType>,
}

impl<ResType: 'static + Send + Sync> GlobalResource<ResType> {
    /// Creates a new [`GlobalResource`], wrapping the given value directly.
    ///
    /// # Parameters
    ///
    /// - `res`: The resource value to wrap. The value must be of a `'static + Send + Sync` type
    ///   to ensure it can be safely shared across threads.
    ///
    /// # Return Value
    ///
    /// Returns a [`GlobalResource<ResType>`] holding `Arc::new(res)`, which can be dereferenced
    /// via [`Deref`] or [`AsRef`] to access the underlying value.
    ///
    /// # Difference from `From<Arc<ResType>>`
    ///
    /// - `new` accepts an **owned value** `ResType`, automatically wrapping it into `Arc<ResType>`;
    /// - `From<Arc<ResType>>` accepts an **already-wrapped `Arc`**, reusing it directly without an
    ///   additional heap allocation.
    ///
    /// # Example
    ///
    /// ```
    /// # use mingling_core::GlobalResource;
    /// let res = GlobalResource::new(42i32);
    /// assert_eq!(*res, 42);
    /// ```
    ///
    /// # See Also
    ///
    /// - [`GlobalResource::from`] (`From<Arc<ResType>>`) — construct from an existing `Arc`.
    /// - [`Deref`] — dereference to access the underlying value.
    ///
    /// [`Deref`]: std::ops::Deref
    /// [`AsRef`]: std::convert::AsRef
    pub fn new(res: ResType) -> Self {
        Self {
            res_arc: Arc::new(res),
        }
    }
}

impl<ResType: 'static + Send + Sync> From<Arc<ResType>> for GlobalResource<ResType> {
    fn from(arc: Arc<ResType>) -> Self {
        Self { res_arc: arc }
    }
}

impl<ResType: 'static + Send + Sync> std::ops::Deref for GlobalResource<ResType> {
    type Target = ResType;

    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
        &self.res_arc
    }
}

impl<ResType: 'static + Send + Sync> AsRef<ResType> for GlobalResource<ResType> {
    fn as_ref(&self) -> &ResType {
        &self.res_arc
    }
}

/// Marks a type as a **program global resource** (`Res`) that can be stored in the
/// [`GlobalResContainer`].
///
/// # Purpose
///
/// `ResourceMarker` is a marker trait that resource types must implement, providing three fundamental
/// capabilities:
///
/// 1. **Cloning** (`__resource_marker_clone`) — when a resource in the container is held by an external
///    shared snapshot (such as a [`GlobalResource`]), modification operations need to clone an independent
///    copy for modification, to avoid affecting the external snapshot.
/// 2. **Default instantiation** (`__resource_marker_default`) — when a resource entry is missing, or the
///    lock is poisoned, the container needs a default instance as a fallback value.
/// 3. **Modification through the global program container** (`__resource_marker_modify`) — locates the
///    currently active [`Program<C>`] via the type parameter `C` and performs a read-modify-write
///    operation on the `&mut Self` resource within it.
///
/// # Relationship with `Default + Clone`
///
/// This trait provides an **automatic blanket implementation** for all types satisfying
/// `T: Default + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static`, so ordinary user-defined data types do not need to
/// manually implement `ResourceMarker`. If a type has custom "default value" or "cloning" semantics
/// (for example, if the resource internally contains `Arc`, `Rc`, singleton references, etc.), users may
/// also **manually implement** this trait to override the default behavior.
///
/// # Comparison of the Three Methods' Uses
///
/// | Method | Invocation Scenario | Corresponding Blanket Implementation |
/// |--------|-------------------|--------------------------------------|
/// | `__resource_marker_clone` | When the resource is held by a shared snapshot, clone a copy before modification | `Clone::clone` |
/// | `__resource_marker_default` | Fallback value when the resource is missing or the lock is poisoned | `Default::default` |
/// | `__resource_marker_modify` | Perform a read-modify-write on `&mut Self` in the global program container | Calls `this::<C>().modify_res(f)` |
///
/// # Role in Macro Expansion
///
/// In code expanded from `#[chain]`, `#[resource]`, and similar macros, wherever a type needs to be
/// treated as a resource for injection, modification, extraction, or storage, this trait's constraint
/// (`Res: ResourceMarker`) is implicitly relied upon. The macro code itself does not care about the
/// specific type of the resource; it only requires that the type implements the three capabilities
/// of this trait.
///
/// # Constraints
///
/// Types implementing this trait must simultaneously satisfy `'static + Send + Sync`, to ensure
/// that the resource can be safely shared across threads and does not carry a non-static lifetime.
///
/// # Note
///
/// All methods of this trait are **`#[doc(hidden)]`** internal methods and should not be called directly
/// in business code. The public APIs exposed are [`GlobalResContainer::with_resource`],
/// [`GlobalResContainer::modify_res`], [`GlobalResContainer::res`], etc.
///
/// [`GlobalResContainer`]: crate::GlobalResContainer
/// [`GlobalResource`]: crate::GlobalResource
/// [`Program<C>`]: crate::Program
/// [`this`]: crate::this
/// [`GlobalResContainer::with_resource`]: crate::GlobalResContainer::with_resource
/// [`GlobalResContainer::modify_res`]: crate::GlobalResContainer::modify_res
/// [`GlobalResContainer::res`]: crate::GlobalResContainer::res
pub trait ResourceMarker {
    /// Clones the current resource value and returns an independent new instance.
    ///
    /// # Invocation Scenario
    ///
    /// When an external caller holds a shared snapshot of the resource (with an `Arc` strong reference
    /// count > 1), the container's modification operation (such as [`modify_res`](GlobalResContainer::modify_res))
    /// cannot directly take ownership of the resource, so this method is called to **clone a copy**
    /// for modification, ensuring the external snapshot is not affected.
    ///
    /// # Implementation Conventions
    ///
    /// - Must return an independent instance that is logically equivalent (with the same value) to
    ///   `self`; modifying the return value must not affect the original value.
    /// - The blanket implementation directly delegates to `Clone::clone(self)`.
    /// - For types containing reference-counted structures such as `Arc` or `Rc`, the underlying data
    ///   should be deep-cloned rather than merely copying the reference, unless sharing is explicitly
    ///   the intended semantics.
    #[must_use]
    #[doc(hidden)]
    fn __resource_marker_clone(&self) -> Self;

    /// Constructs a default instance of the type, used as a fallback value when the resource is missing
    /// or the lock is poisoned.
    ///
    /// # Invocation Scenario
    ///
    /// This method is called in the following scenarios:
    /// - When obtaining a resource snapshot via [`res_or_default`](GlobalResContainer::res_or_default),
    ///   but the resource entry does not exist in the container or the lock is poisoned;
    /// - When performing a read-modify-write via
    ///   [`__modify_res_and_return_route`](GlobalResContainer::__modify_res_and_return_route),
    ///   if the resource entry does not exist or the lock is poisoned, a temporary default instance
    ///   needs to be constructed for use by the closure;
    /// - When extracting a resource via [`__extract_res_mut`](GlobalResContainer::__extract_res_mut),
    ///   if the resource entry does not exist or the lock is poisoned.
    ///
    /// # Implementation Conventions
    ///
    /// - Each call should return a **brand new** default instance and accept no parameters.
    /// - The blanket implementation directly delegates to `Default::default()`.
    /// - If the type's default value has special semantics (for example, default configuration,
    ///   empty collection, zero value, etc.), this should be reflected here.
    #[doc(hidden)]
    fn __resource_marker_default() -> Self;

    /// Performs a **read-modify-write** operation on a resource of type `Self` in the currently active
    /// global program container.
    ///
    /// # Generic Parameters
    ///
    /// - `C`: The program collector type. Must satisfy `ProgramCollect<Enum = C> + 'static`,
    ///   used to locate the currently active [`Program<C>`](crate::Program).
    ///
    /// # Parameters
    ///
    /// - `f`: A closure receiving `&mut Self`, within which the resource value is modified. The closure's
    ///   return value is not used (returns `()`).
    ///
    /// # Behavior
    ///
    /// This method is internally equivalent to calling:
    ///
    /// ```text
    /// this::<C>().modify_res(f)
    /// ```
    ///
    /// where `this::<C>()` obtains the thread-bound global [`Program<C>`](crate::Program) instance,
    /// and then calls its [`modify_res`](crate::Program::modify_res) method to complete the
    /// read-modify-write. If the resource does not exist, `modify_res` returns `()` (the `Default`
    /// value of `Return`) without calling `f`.
    ///
    /// # Role in Macro Expansion
    ///
    /// In code expanded from `#[chain]` and similar macros, when a resource needs to be modified via
    /// the global program container without explicitly obtaining a container reference, this method is
    /// called. It automatically locates the correct program instance via the type parameter `C`,
    /// simplifying code generation logic.
    #[doc(hidden)]
    fn __resource_marker_modify<C>(f: impl FnOnce(&mut Self))
    where
        C: ProgramCollect<Enum = C> + 'static;
}

impl<T> ResourceMarker for T
where
    T: Default + Clone + Send + Sync + 'static,
{
    fn __resource_marker_clone(&self) -> Self {
        Clone::clone(self)
    }

    fn __resource_marker_default() -> Self {
        Default::default()
    }

    fn __resource_marker_modify<C>(f: impl FnOnce(&mut Self))
    where
        C: ProgramCollect<Enum = C> + 'static,
    {
        this::<C>().modify_res(f);
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;
    use crate::MockProgramCollect;
    use crate::error::ChainProcessError;

    #[test]
    fn global_resource_new_and_deref() {
        let res = GlobalResource::new(42i32);
        assert_eq!(*res, 42);
    }

    #[test]
    fn global_resource_from_arc() {
        let arc = Arc::new(42i32);
        let res = GlobalResource::from(arc);
        assert_eq!(*res, 42);
    }

    #[test]
    fn global_resource_as_ref() {
        let res = GlobalResource::new(42i32);
        assert_eq!(res.as_ref(), &42);
    }

    #[test]
    fn resource_marker_i32_res_clone() {
        let val = 42i32;
        let cloned = val.__resource_marker_clone();
        assert_eq!(cloned, 42);
    }

    #[test]
    fn resource_marker_i32_res_default() {
        assert_eq!(<i32 as ResourceMarker>::__resource_marker_default(), 0i32);
    }

    #[test]
    fn resource_marker_string_res_clone() {
        let val = "hello".to_string();
        let cloned = val.__resource_marker_clone();
        assert_eq!(cloned, "hello");
    }

    #[test]
    fn resource_marker_string_res_default() {
        assert_eq!(<String as ResourceMarker>::__resource_marker_default(), "");
    }

    #[test]
    fn resource_marker_vec_res_clone() {
        let val = vec![1, 2, 3];
        let cloned = val.__resource_marker_clone();
        assert_eq!(cloned, vec![1, 2, 3]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn resource_marker_vec_res_default() {
        let empty: Vec<i32> = vec![];
        assert_eq!(
            <Vec<i32> as ResourceMarker>::__resource_marker_default(),
            empty
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn container_new_creates_empty_store() {
        let container = GlobalResContainer::new();
        assert!(container.res::<i32>().is_none());
    }

    #[test]
    fn container_insert_then_res() {
        let mut container = GlobalResContainer::new();
        container.with_resource(42i32);
        let res = container.res::<i32>();
        assert_eq!(*res.unwrap(), 42);
    }

    #[test]
    fn container_missing_res_returns_none() {
        let container = GlobalResContainer::new();
        assert!(container.res::<String>().is_none());
    }

    #[test]
    fn container_res_or_default_creates_default() {
        let container = GlobalResContainer::new();
        assert_eq!(*container.res_or_default::<i32>(), 0);
    }

    #[test]
    fn container_res_or_default_returns_existing() {
        let mut container = GlobalResContainer::new();
        container.with_resource(7i32);
        assert_eq!(*container.res_or_default::<i32>(), 7);
    }

    #[test]
    fn container_modify_res_updates_value() {
        let mut container = GlobalResContainer::new();
        container.with_resource(1i32);
        let doubled = container.modify_res(|v: &mut i32| {
            *v *= 2;
            *v
        });
        assert_eq!(doubled, 2);
        assert_eq!(*container.res::<i32>().unwrap(), 2);
    }

    #[test]
    fn container_modify_res_missing_returns_default() {
        let container = GlobalResContainer::new();
        let value: i32 = container.modify_res(|v: &mut i32| *v);
        assert_eq!(value, 0);
    }

    #[test]
    fn container_modify_res_through_shared_reference() {
        let mut container = GlobalResContainer::new();
        container.with_resource(10i32);
        let shared = &container;
        shared.modify_res(|v: &mut i32| *v += 5);
        assert_eq!(*container.res::<i32>().unwrap(), 15);
    }

    #[test]
    fn container_modify_res_clones_when_shared() {
        let mut container = GlobalResContainer::new();
        container.with_resource(10i32);
        // Hold a shared handle so `Arc::try_unwrap` fails and the resource is cloned out
        let handle = container.res::<i32>().unwrap();
        container.modify_res(|v: &mut i32| *v += 5);
        assert_eq!(*container.res::<i32>().unwrap(), 15);
        assert_eq!(*handle, 10);
    }

    #[test]
    fn container_extract_res_mut_takes_value_out() {
        let mut container = GlobalResContainer::new();
        container.with_resource(3i32);
        let extracted: i32 = container.__extract_res_mut();
        assert_eq!(extracted, 3);
        // The slot is reset to a default value after the extraction
        assert_eq!(*container.res::<i32>().unwrap(), 0);
    }

    #[test]
    fn container_extract_res_mut_clones_when_shared() {
        let mut container = GlobalResContainer::new();
        container.with_resource(3i32);
        // Hold a shared handle so `Arc::try_unwrap` fails and the resource is cloned out
        let _handle = container.res::<i32>().unwrap();
        let extracted: i32 = container.__extract_res_mut();
        assert_eq!(extracted, 3);
        // The slot is reset to a default value after the extraction
        assert_eq!(*container.res::<i32>().unwrap(), 0);
    }

    #[test]
    fn container_store_res_inserts_value() {
        let container = GlobalResContainer::new();
        container.__store_res(8i32);
        assert_eq!(*container.res::<i32>().unwrap(), 8);
    }

    #[test]
    fn container_extract_store_roundtrip() {
        let mut container = GlobalResContainer::new();
        container.with_resource(7i32);
        let value: i32 = container.__extract_res_mut();
        container.__store_res(value + 1);
        assert_eq!(*container.res::<i32>().unwrap(), 8);
    }

    #[test]
    fn container_res_shared_handles_share_the_arc() {
        let mut container = GlobalResContainer::new();
        container.with_resource(String::from("hello"));
        let handle_a = container.res::<String>().unwrap();
        let handle_b = container.res::<String>().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(*handle_a, "hello");
        assert_eq!(*handle_b, "hello");
        assert!(Arc::ptr_eq(&handle_a.res_arc, &handle_b.res_arc));
    }

    #[test]
    fn container_res_or_route_missing_returns_route() {
        let container = GlobalResContainer::new();
        let route: ChainProcess<MockProgramCollect> =
            ChainProcess::Err(ChainProcessError::Other("missing".into()));
        let result = container.res_or_route::<i32, MockProgramCollect>(route);
        assert!(result.is_err());
    }

    #[test]
    fn container_res_or_route_present_returns_resource() {
        let mut container = GlobalResContainer::new();
        container.with_resource(5i32);
        let route: ChainProcess<MockProgramCollect> =
            ChainProcess::Err(ChainProcessError::Other("missing".into()));
        let Ok(resource) = container.res_or_route::<i32, MockProgramCollect>(route) else {
            panic!("expected the resource to be present");
        };
        assert_eq!(*resource, 5);
    }

    #[test]
    fn container_modify_res_and_return_route_works() {
        let mut container = GlobalResContainer::new();
        container.with_resource(1i32);
        let route: ChainProcess<MockProgramCollect> =
            container.__modify_res_and_return_route(|v: &mut i32| {
                *v += 1;
                ChainProcess::Err(ChainProcessError::Other("done".into()))
            });
        assert!(matches!(route, ChainProcess::Err(_)));
        assert_eq!(*container.res::<i32>().unwrap(), 2);
    }

    #[test]
    fn container_nested_modify_res_different_types_do_not_deadlock() {
        let mut container = GlobalResContainer::new();
        container.with_resource(1i32).with_resource("a".to_string());
        // Two `&mut` injections nest `modify_res` calls; each resource has its
        // own mutex, so the inner call must not deadlock against the outer one.
        container.modify_res(|count: &mut i32| {
            *count += 10;
            container.modify_res(|text: &mut String| {
                text.push('b');
            });
        });
        assert_eq!(*container.res::<i32>().unwrap(), 11);
        assert_eq!(*container.res::<String>().unwrap(), "ab");
    }

    #[test]
    fn container_nested_modify_res_and_return_route_no_deadlock() {
        let mut container = GlobalResContainer::new();
        container.with_resource(1i32).with_resource("a".to_string());
        let route: ChainProcess<MockProgramCollect> =
            container.__modify_res_and_return_route(|count: &mut i32| {
                *count += 10;
                container.__modify_res_and_return_route(|text: &mut String| {
                    text.push('b');
                    ChainProcess::Err(ChainProcessError::Other("done".into()))
                })
            });
        assert!(matches!(route, ChainProcess::Err(_)));
        assert_eq!(*container.res::<i32>().unwrap(), 11);
        assert_eq!(*container.res::<String>().unwrap(), "ab");
    }

    #[test]
    fn container_res_inside_modify_of_another_resource() {
        let mut container = GlobalResContainer::new();
        container.with_resource(1i32).with_resource("a".to_string());
        container.modify_res(|count: &mut i32| {
            // Reading a different resource while holding this one's lock must
            // not deadlock either.
            assert_eq!(*container.res::<String>().unwrap(), "a");
            *count += 10;
        });
        assert_eq!(*container.res::<i32>().unwrap(), 11);
    }

    #[test]
    fn container_multiple_instances_are_independent() {
        let mut first = GlobalResContainer::new();
        let mut second = GlobalResContainer::new();
        first.with_resource(1i32);
        second.with_resource(2i32);
        first.modify_res(|v: &mut i32| *v += 10);
        assert_eq!(*first.res::<i32>().unwrap(), 11);
        assert_eq!(*second.res::<i32>().unwrap(), 2);
        // A resource present in one container is invisible to the other
        assert!(first.res::<String>().is_none());
        assert!(second.res::<String>().is_none());
    }

    #[test]
    fn program_resource_methods_delegate_to_container() {
        let mut program = crate::Program::<MockProgramCollect>::new_with_args(Vec::<String>::new());
        program.with_resource(1i32);
        assert_eq!(*program.res::<i32>().unwrap(), 1);
        program.modify_res(|v: &mut i32| *v += 1);
        assert_eq!(*program.res::<i32>().unwrap(), 2);
        assert_eq!(*program.res_or_default::<i32>(), 2);
        assert_eq!(*program.res_or_default::<String>(), "");
    }
}